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| 1661 |
| | | Italian doctor Marcello Malpighi discovers the capillaries, thus completing the evidence for the circulation of the blood | |
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| 1674 |
| | | The Dutch scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek builds a microscope powerful enough for him to observe and describe the red corpuscles in blood | |
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| 1677 |
| | | With his powerful new microscope Leeuwenhoek observes spermatozoa in the semen of a dog | |
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| 1686 |
| | | English naturalist John Ray begins publication of his Historia Plantarum, classifying some 18,600 plants in 'mutual fertility' species | |
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| 1735 |
| | | Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus publishes a 'system of nature', capable of classifying all living things | |
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| 1809 |
| | | French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck argues in Zoological Philosophy that creatures can inherit acquired characteristics | |
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| 1811 |
| | | A 12-year-old Dorset child, Mary Anning, discovers at Lyme Regis a 21 ft (6.4m) fossil of an icthyosaur | |
|  | Fossil of Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, a marine reptile
Natural History Museum, London
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| 1812 |
| | | French scientist Georges Cuvier introduces scientific palaeontology with his Research on the Fossil Bones of Quadrupeds | |
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| 1831 |
| | | HMS Beagle sails from Plymouth to survey the coasts of the southern hemisphere, with Charles Darwin as the expedition's naturalist | |
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| 1835 |
| | | French zoologist Félix Dujardin identifies protoplasm, the viscous translucent substance common to all forms of life | |
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